212

Index

U

Ultrasonics, 169

Uncoupled torsional equation, 124

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), 158

Unsteady aerodynamics, 13

Unsteady mechanism, 6

Upstroke, 23

Upward, 20

Upward force, 31

Upward stroke, 19

User segment, 176

V

Vector navigation, 162

Venation, 5, 64

Vertical muscles, 42

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), 144

Viscous nature, 18

Vortex theory, 11

W

Wake capture, 22, 24

Wind tunnel, 22

Wing base, 5

Wing Beat Frequency, 6, 31, 50, 90

Wing kinematics, 130

Wing loading, 49

Wing membrane, 5

Wing mutilation, 10

Wing mutilation studies, 95

Wing optimisation, 13

Wing rotation, 27

Wingspan loading, 50

Wingtip traces, 158

Wingtip velocity, 158

Wing venation, 5, 43, 44

Wing-Wake reaction, 24

Wright Brothers, 123

Y

Young’s Modulus, 34, 111